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1398

According to the First Novgorod Chronicle, he died in 922 or 923, but the date of the «Primary Chronicle» is considered to be even if not correct, still closer to reality.

1399

Malingoudi J. Die russisch-byzantinischen Vertrage des 10. Jahrhunderts aus diplomatischer Sicht. Vanias, 1994; Каштанов C.M. Из истории русского средневекового источника. Акты X–XVI вв. М., 1996.

1400

The Russian Primary Chronicle. P. 68.

1401

Ibid. P. 65. The names of Slavic gods Perun and Volos whose cults were still alive in the twelfth century, might have been introduced by the translator of the treaty who could hardly know about Old Norse gods. His choice of these two gods was natural enough for the late eleventh century, Perun being the supreme god of thunder (cf. Gimbutas M. Perkunas/Perun – the Thunder God of the Balts and the Slavs// Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1973. Vol. 1/4) and Volos being the most popular pagan god among the peasants. It was supposed that the original mention of Thor in the oath was substituted by the name of Perun (Иванов В. В., Топоров В. Н. Перкунас // Мифы народов мира. М., 1982. Т. 2. С. 303–304).

1402

The «bridgehead which Byzantine Christianity had secured on the middle Dnieper was probably never wholly destroyed… a Christian community survived and even increased, at least in Kiev» (Obolensky D. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe 500-1500. L., 1971. P. 184).

1403

The Russian Primary Chronicle. P. 69.

1404

Лихачев Д. С. Комментарии IIПВЛ-1950. 4. 2. C. 280.

1405

Birnbaum H. Christianity before Christianization. P. 49.

1406

The Russian Primary Chronicle. P. 77.

1407

Melnikova E. A. The Lists of Old Norse Personal Names in the Russian-Byzantine Treaties of the Tenth Century // SAS. 2004. Arg. 22.

1408

The Russian Primary Chronicle. P. 74, 77.

1409

For its location see Tolochko P.P. Drevnij Kiev. Kiev, 1983. P. 58. It was suggested that St. Elias church might have been situated in Constantinople. The main argument in favour of this surmise is that the treaty was to be signed and ratified in Byzantium (Malingoudi J. Die russisch-byzan-tinischen Vertrage. P. 46). Neither Oleg nor Igor’, however, is supposed to travel to Byzantium to sign the treaties. Therefore the procedure of taking oaths guaranteeing the maintanance of the treaties and most probably following the ratifying of the treaties could rather take place in Kiev where not only his emissaries but the great prince personally could perform the ceremony as was the case with Igor’.

1410

I cannot agree with H. Birnbaum that it might have been a parish church (Birnbaum H. Christianity before Christianization. P. 50–51) as there obviously could not exist parish organization at that time.

1411

The penetration of Christianity into Scandinavian countries also started from larger trade centres like Hedeby, Ribe, and Birka.