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1368

The so-called Bruxelles Chronicon provides an exact date of the attack– June 18, 860. Cf. Кузенков П.В. Византийские источники о первом крещении Руси. Тексты, перевод, комментарий // ДГ. 2000 год. М., 2003. С. 155–157.

1369

Here and further I use the designation of the Rus’ people found in the source under discussion (Rhos in Byzantine sources, ar-Rus in Arabic sources and Rus’ in Old Russian chronicles) to avoid explanaitions of what could be the ethnicity of Rus’ in each case. It is a common opinion that Byzantine and Arabic authors of the ninth and tenth centuries viewed both Rhos and ar-Rus people as Norsemen. At the same time the Eastern Slavic and Fennic ethnic components cannot be excluded altogether even at the early stages although they did not play an active role. As to Old Russian term Rus’, its content underwent a complicated transformation during the ninth and tenth centuries – from the desighnation of the new Old Russian warrior elite of Scandinavian origin to the definition of ethnically different people and territories under the rule of Rus’ princes. Cf. Melnikova E. A., Petrukhin V. Ja. The Origin and Evolution of the Name rus’. The Scandinavians in Eastern-European Ethno-Political Processes before the 11th Century // Tor. 1991. Vol. 23. P. 203–234.

1370

Vasiliev A. The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. Cambridge (Mass.), 1946.

1371

Photii Homilii /В. Laourdas. Thessaloniki, 1959. P. 29–52; English transl.: The Homilies of Photius Patriarch of Constantinople / C. Mango. Cambridge (Mass.), 1958. P. 82–95 (No. Ill), 95-110 (No. IV).

1372

On the difference of dates see: Кузенков П.В. Византийские источники. С. 162–164, примеч. 1, 2, 41.

1373

In fact the attack took place in the nineteenth year of the whole and in the fifth year of sole rule of Emperor Michael.

1374

The Russian Primary Chronicle. P. 60.

1375

Ibid.

1376

In his homilies Photius never mentioned the name of the attackers calling them «northern barbarians».

1377

Photii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Epistulae et Amphilochia. Leipzig, 1983. Vol. I: Epistularum pars prima / B. Laourdas et L. G. Westerink. P. 39–53 (ep. 2).

1378

Several attempts have been made to suggest an earlier Christianization of the Rus’. The most ambitious and at the same time the least convincing hypothesis was put forward by K. Ericsson who supposed that the first Russian convert was Kyj, the legendary ruler of Kiev, and that the conversion took place in about 834 (Ericsson K. The Earliest Conversion of the Rus’ to Christianity I I The Slavonic and East European Review. 1966. Yol. 44. P. 99–121). His final conclusion is based on his reliance on late Russian sources and highly improbable historical constructions concerning the struggle between iconodules and iconoclasts and its reflection in the «Primary Chronicle» (severe criticism of his hypothesis see in: Birnbaum H. Christianity before Christianization. P. 44–45). A. Avenarius thought – and probably not without right– that a bishopric could not have been established in Rus’ in 867, immediately after or in connection with the initial stage of Christianization. A foundation of a bishopric under such circumstances was contrary to the usual parctice of Byzantine patriarchate. Earlier attempts to convert the Rhos people, therefore, must have taken place (Авенариус А. Христианство на Руси в IX в. // Beitrage zur byzantinische Geschichte im 9. – 10. Jahrhunderts / Y. Vavrinek. Praha, 1978. P. 308–310). There is, however, no information to support this assumption.