260
Gaston Wait (ed. and trans.), Nicolas Turc, Chronique D'Egypte: 1798–1804 (Cairo, 1950), 78.
261
Youssef M. Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism (London, 1990), 19.
262
Araf Lufti al-Sayyid Marsot, «The Ulama of Cairo in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,» in Nikki R. Keddie, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religion Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1972), 161–162; Daniel Crecelius, «Nonideological Responses of the Egyptian Ulama to Modernization,» in ibid., 173–175.
263
Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism, A Critical Enquiry, 2nd ed. (trans. Marion Farouk Sluglett and Peter Sluglett; London, 1990), 81.
264
Marsot, «The Ulama of Cairo,» 162.
265
Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt, 28–238.
266
Ibid., 51–56.
267
Ibid., 57–59.
268
Ibid., 59–60.
269
Ibid., 62.
270
Marsot, «The Role of the Ulama in Egypt During the Early Nineteenth Century,» in P. M. Holt (ed.) Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt: Historical Studies from the Ottoman Conquest to the United Arab Republic (London, 1968), 227–228.
271
Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt, 61.
272
Из обзора Али Мубарака (1875), в: Crecelius, «Nonideological Responses of the Egyptian Ulama,» 181–182.
273
Ibid., 180–189; Marsot, «The Role of the Ulama,» 278–279.
274
Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Oxford, 1962), 42–45.
275
Ibid., 46–49.
276
Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt, 129–141, 152.
277
Ibid., 147.
278
Ibid., 153–155.
279
Gerard de Nerval, Oeuvres (ed. Albert Beguin and Jean Richter; Paris, 1952), 895.
280
Michael Gilsenan, Recognizing Islam: Religion and Society in the Modern Middle East (London, 1990), 199.
281
Ibid., 198–201.
282
Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981), 37–38.
283
Ibid., 25, 38–39, 42–43; Keddie, «The Roots of the Ulama's Power in Modern Iran,» in Keddie (ed.), Scholars, Saints and Sufis, 214–215.
284
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, 44–47, 56–63.
285
Juan R. Cole, «Imami Jurisprudence and the Role of the Ulama: Mortaza Ansari on Emulating the Supreme Exemplar,» in Keddie (ed.), Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1983), 41.
286
J. M. Tancoigne, A Narrative of a Journey into Persia and Residence in Teheran (trans. William Wright; London, 1820), 196–201.
287
William Beeman, «Cultural Dimensions of Performance Conventions in Iranian Taziyeh,» in Peter J. Chelkowski (ed.), Taziyeh, Ritual and Drama in Iran (New York, 1979), 26.
288
Michael J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1980), 20, 176.
289
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization 3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), III, 155. Mangol Bayat, Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran (Syracuse, N. Y., 1982), 37–58.
290
Bayat, Mysticism and Dissent, 60–86.
291
Ibid., 87–91.
292
Ibid., 90–97, 101–109.
293
Ibid., 97–100.
294
Ibid., 110–116.
