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23 Van Boeckel, T.P., Brower, C, Gilbert, M., Grenfell, B.T., Levin, S.A., Robinson, T.P., et al. (2015), ‘Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 112(18), pp.5649–54, www.pnas.org/content/112/18/5649.abstract

24 Bazian (2015), ‘Antibiotic use in farm animals “threatens human health”’, NHS Choices, www.nhs.uk/news/2015/12December/Pages/Antibiotic-use- in-farm-animals-threatens-human-health.aspx

25 Soil Association, ‘Overuse of antiobiotics in farming’, www.soilassociation. org/antibiotics/overuseofantibioticsinfarming

26 Microbiology Online, ‘Antiobiotics’, www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/ about-microbiology/microbes-and-the-human-body/antibiotics

27 Some people believe that penicillin was actually first discovered by a physician called John Tyndall in 1875; http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/?p=107

28 American Chemical Society, International Historic Chemical Landmarks. ‘Discovery and development of penicillin’, www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html

29 ‘The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945, The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ laureates/1945

30 Turner, M. (2014), ‘Antibiotic resistance: 6 diseases that may come back to haunt us’, The Guardian, 9 May, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/09/6-diseases-becoming-resistant-to-antibiotics

31 World Health Organization (2014), ‘Antimicrobial resistance global report on surveillance 2014’, www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/

32 NHS Choices (2016), Vaginal thrush’, www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Thrush/Pages/Causes.aspx

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33 Park, A. (2015), ‘Babies in the womb aren’t so sterile after all’, TIME, 28 December, time.com/4159249/baby-microbiome-womb

34 Stout, M.J., Conlon, B., Landeau, M., Lee, I., Bower, C., Qiuhong, A., et al. (2013), ‘Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 208(3); 226, e221–e227, www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740162

35 Aagaard, K., Ma, J., Antony, K.M., Ganu, R., Petrosino, J., and Versalovic, J. (2014), ‘The placenta harbors a unique microbiome’. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 6(237): 237ra65, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24848255

36 Cao, B., Stout, M.J., Lee, I., and Mysorekar, I.U. (2014), ‘Placental microbiome and its role in preterm birth’, NeoReviews, Vol. 15(12), e537–e545, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307601

37 Mueller, N.T., Bakacs, E., Combellick, J., Grigoryan, Z., and Dominguez-Bello, M.G. (2015), ‘The infant microbiome development: mom matters’, Trends in Molecular Medicine, Vol. 21(2), pp.109–117, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464665

38 Koren, O., Goodrich, J.K., Cullender, T.C., Spor, A., Laitinen, K., BaЁckhed, H.K., et al. (2012), ‘Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy’, Cell, 150, pp.470–480, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/22863002