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8 Smith, P.A. (2014), ‘Is your body mostly microbes? Actually, we have no idea’, Boston Globe, 14 September, www.bostonglobe.com/ ideas/2014/09/13/your-body-mostly-microbes-actually-have-idea/ qlcoKot4wfUXecjeVaFKFN/story.html

9 National Institutes of Health (2012), ‘NIH Human Microbiome Project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body’, 13 June, www.nih.gov/ news/health/jun2012/nhgri-13.htm

10 Bowers, R., Sullivan, A., Costello, E., Collett, J., Knight, R., and Fierer, N. (2011), ‘Sources of bacteria in outdoor air across cities in the midwestern United States’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 77(18), 6350–6

11 Lewis, D.A., Brown, R., Williams, J., White, P., Jackobson, S.K., Marchesi,J.R., and Drake, M.J. (2013), ‘The human urinary microbiome; bacterial DNA in voided urine of asymptomatic adults’, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. Vol. 3(41), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3744036/

12 Wheatley, M.B., Rud, E., Warren, R.L., Holt, R.A., Surette, M.G., and Power, C. (2013), ‘Brain microbial populations in HIV/AIDS: a-proteobacteria predominate independent of host immune status’, PLOS One 8(1): e54673, journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal. pone.0054673

13 Kong, F., and Singh, R.P. (2008), ‘Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach’, Journal of Food Science, Vol. 73(5): R67–80, www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/18577009

14 Rao, J.N., and Wang, J.Y. (2010), ‘Intestinal architecture and development’, in Regulation of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Growth (Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, San Rafael, California), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK54098

15 Stephen, A.M., and Cummings, J.H. (1980), ‘The microbial contribution to human faecal mass’, Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 13(1), pp.45–56, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7359576

16 FARE – Food Allergy Research and Education, ‘Food allergy basics: facts and statistics’, www.foodallergy.org/facts

17 In the study, type-I diabetes had risen from 1.5 cases per 1,000 children in 2002 to 2.3 cases per 1,000 in 2013. Diabetes Care, 17 December, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20160104205615/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/news/fullstory_156281.html

18 Celiac Disease Foundation, ‘What is celiac disease?’, celiac.org/celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease

19 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Overweight and Obesity Statistics www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-obesity-statistics.aspx

20 NHS Choices (2016), ‘Heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)’, www.nhs.uk/conditions/Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/ Pages/Introduction.aspx

21 Clemente, J.C., Pehrsson, E.C., Blaser, M.J., Sandhu, K., Gao, Z., Wang, B., Magris, M., et al. (2015), ‘The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians’, Science Advances 1(3) pii: e1500183, advances.sciencemag.org/ content/1/3/e1500183

22 Bailey, L.C, Forrest, C.B., Zhang, P., Richards, T.M., Livshits, A., DeRusso, PA. Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity. JAMA Pediatrics, 168 (11), pp.1063-9, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/25265089