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Хотя переносчики и не имеют видимых признаков болезни, они все равно могут, сами того не ведая, способствовать распространению, выделяя с испражнениями до 500 млн холерных вибрионов в день. (Из расчета 1 млн холерных вибрионов на грамм фекалий, если в среднем человек производит 500 г фекалий в день.) Feachem, Sanitation and Disease. C. T. Codeço, "Endemic and Epidemic Dynamics of Cholera: The Role of the Aquatic Reservoir," BMC Infectious Diseases 1, no. 1 (2001); Atkins, Reports of Hospital Physicians.

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Иммунитет к холере вырабатывается надолго, однако механизмы его возникновения пока не установлены. Eric J. Nelson et al., "Cholera Transmission: The Host, Pathogen and Bacteriophage Dynamic," Nature Reviews Microbiology 7, no. 10 (2009): 693–702.

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Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 35.

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James D. Oliver, "The Viable but Nonculturable State in Bacteria," The Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 1 (2005): 93–100.

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Anbinder, Five Points, 14–27; Ashenburg, The Dirt on Clean, 178; Richard Plunz, A History of Housing in New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).

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Simon Szreter, "Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease, and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development," Population and Development Review 23 (1997): 693–728.

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John Reader, Potato: A History of the Propitious Esculent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).

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Ian Steadman, "Mystery Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Identified 170 Years Later," Wired UK, May 21, 2013.

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Reader, Potato; Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed. (New York: Free Press, 2003), 452; W. C. Paddock, "Our Last Chance to Win the War on Hunger," Advances in Plant Pathology 8 (1992), 197–222.

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Duffy, A History of Public Health, 273.

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Cormac Ó. Gráda and Kevin H. O'Rourke, "Migration as Disaster Relief: Lessons from the Great Irish Famine," European Review of Economic History 1, no. 1 (1997): 3–25.

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Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York, ed. David Leviatin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 [1890]), 67; Anbinder, Five Points, 74.

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Anbinder, Five Points, 81.

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Plunz, A History of Housing in New York City.

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Anbinder, Five Points, 74–77.

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Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 65.

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Anbinder, Five Points, 14–27, 69, 71, 74–79, 175, 306; Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 34.

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Davis, The Monster at Our Door, 154.

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Koeppel, Water for Gotham, 287.

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Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 104, 106, 113–14, 121, 145; Anbinder, Five Points, 119.

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Michael R. Haines, "The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States, 1800–1940," National Bureau of Economic Research Historical Paper no. 134, July 2001; Michael Haines, "Health, Height, Nutrition and Mortality: Evidence on the 'Antebellum Puzzle' from Union Army Recruits for New York State and the United States," in John Komlos and Jörg Baten, eds., The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998); Robert Woods, "Urban-Rural Mortality Differentials: An Unresolved Debate," Population and Development Review 29, no. 1 (2003): 29–46.