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343

Gordon Gallup Jr. (1970), James Anderson and Gallup (2011).

344

Daniel Povinelli (1987).

345

Emanuela Cenami Spada et al. (1995), Mark Bekoff and Paul Sherman (2003).

346

Matthew Jorgensen et al. (1995), Koji Toda and Shigeru Watanabe (2008).

347

Doris Bischof-Köhler (1991), Carolyn Zahn-Waxler et al. (1992), Frans de Waal (2008).

348

Abigail Rajala et al. (2010), Liangtang Chang et al. (2015).

349

Frans de Waal et al. (2005).

350

Philippe Rochat (2003).

351

Diana Reiss and Lori Marino (2001).

352

Helmut Prior et al. (2008).

353

My translation of Jürgen Lethmate and Gerti Dücker (1973), p. 254.

354

Ralph Buchsbaum et al. (1987 [orig. 1938]).

355

Roland Anderson and Jennifer Mather (2010).

356

Katherine Harmon Courage (2013), p. 115.

357

Roland Anderson et al. (2010).

358

Jennifer Mather et al. (2010), Roger Hanlon and John Messenger (1996).

359

Roland Anderson et al. (2002).

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Aristotle (1991), p. 323.

361

Jennifer Mather and Roland Anderson (1999), Sarah Zylinski (2015).

362

Roger Hanlon (2007), Hanlon (2013).

363

Roger Hanlon et al. (1999).

364

Culum Brown et al. (2012).

365

Robert Jackson (1992), Stim Wilcox and Jackson (2002).

366

Andrew Whiten et al. (2005).

367

Edwin van Leeuwen and Daniel Haun (2013).

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Susan Perry (2009); see also Marietta Dindo et al. (2009).

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Elizabeth Lonsdorf et al. (2004).

370

Jenny Allen et al. (2013).

371

Erica van de Waal et al. (2013).

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Nicolas Claidiére et al. (2015).

373

Frans de Waal and Denise Johanowicz (1993).

374

Kristin Bonnie and Frans de Waal (2007).

375

Michio Nakamura et al. (2000).

376

Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Matsuzawa (1997).

377

Stuart Watson et al. (2015).

378

Tetsuro Matsuzawa et al. (2001), Frans de Waal (2001).

379

Konrad Lorenz (1952), p. 86.

380

Frans de Waal and Jennifer Pokorny (2008).

381

Frans de Waal and Peter Tyack (2003).

382

Stephanie King et al. (2013).

383

Laela Sayigh et al. (1999), Vincent Janik et al. (2006).

384

Jason Bruck (2013).

385

Stephanie King and Vincent Janik (2013).

386

Marc Bekoff and Colin Allen (1997), p. 316.

387

Anthony Tramontin and Eliot Brenowitz (2000).

388

Jonathan Marks (2002), p. xvi.

389

David Hume (1985 [orig. 1739]), p. 226, with thanks to Gerald Massey.

390

«Study: Dolphins Not So Intelligent on Land,» Onion, Feb. 15, 2006.

391

Jolyon Troscianko et al. (2012).

392

Donald Dewsbury (2000).

393

Frans de Waal and Sarah Brosnan (2006).

394

Frans de Waal and Pier Francesco Ferrari (2010).