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Alaska governor Sarah Palin, policy speech, Pittsburgh, PA, October 24, 2008.

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Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

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Donald Griffin (1976).

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Hans Kummer (1971), Kummer (1995).

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Jane Goodall (1971).

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Christopher Martin et al. (2014).

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Frans de Waal and Jan van Hooff (1981).

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Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

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Marcel Foster et al. (2009)

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Toshisada Nishida et al. (1992).

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Toshisada Nishida (1983), Nishida and Kazuhiko Hosaka (1996).

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Victoria Horner et al. (2011).

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Malini Suchak and Frans de Waal (2012).

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Hans Kummer et al. (1990), Frans de Waal (1991).

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Richard Byrne and Andrew Whiten (1988).

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Robin Dunbar (1998b).

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Thomas Geissmann and Mathias Orgeldinger (2000).

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Sarah Gouzoules et al. (1984).

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Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1992).

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Susan Perry et al. (2004).

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Susan Perry (2008), p. 47.

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Katie Slocombe and Klaus Zuberbühler (2007).

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Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1986, 1989), Filippo Aureli et al. (1992).

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Peter Judge (1991), Judge and Sonia Mullen (2005).

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Ronald Schusterman et al. (2003).

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Dalila Bovet and David Washburn (2003), Regina Paxton et al. (2010).

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Jorg Massen et al. (2014a).

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Meredith Crawford (1937).

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Kim Mendres and Frans de Waal (2000).

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Alicia Melis et al. (2006a), Alicia Melis et al. (2006b), Sarah Brosnan et al. (2006).

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Frans de Waal and Michelle Berger (2000).

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Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher (2003).

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Robert Boyd (2006), countered by Kevin Langergraber et al. (2007).

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Malini Suchak and Frans de Waal (2012), Jingzhi Tan and Brian Hare (2013).

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National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, Keck Futures Initiative Conference, Irvine, CA, November 2014.

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E. O. Wilson (1975).

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Michael Tomasello (2008), Gary Stix (2014), p. 77.

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Emil Menzel (1972).

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Joshua Plotnik et al. (2011).

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Ingrid Visser et al. (2008).

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Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann (2000).

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The two photographs are featured in Gary Stix (2014).

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Malini Suchak et al. (2014).

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Michael Wilson et al. (2014).

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Sarah Calcutt et al. (2014).

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Hal Whitehead and Luke Rendell (2015).

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Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2003). See also «Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally,» TED Blog Video, http://bit.ly/1GO05tz.

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Sarah Brosnan et al. (2010), Proctor et al. (2013).

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Frederieke Range et al. (2008), Claudia Wascher and Thomas Bugnyar (2013), Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2014).

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Redouan Bshary and Ronald Noё (2003).

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Redouan Bshary et al. (2006).

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Alexander Vail et al. (2014).