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it is still, I would say, rather immature free press, particularly the electronic media. They are very 

easily influenced by the powers that be, by the big monopolists that have emerged in the Russian 

economy today. So even today I believe that the Voice of America has a role to play. 

Q — Nicholas Daniloff, a name from our past, used to be a reporter in Moscow for US News & 

World Report, was told—we were told by you-all that he was a spy. Did you really ever think he 

was a spy? 

A — Well, I never said so. I don‘t know and I would like to think that he wasn‘t. 

Q — I mean, do you—do your people think—did you—did they really think he was a spy or he 

was just a... 

A — That I don‘t know. I was not at that level of government where information—unbiased 

information about things like that circulated. I don‘t know. I would like to think that he was not 

involved with the intelligence service of any country in any way, but I don‘t know. I remember 

when Gorbachev was here in this country in 1992, Nicholas Daniloff attended one of his talks 

and asked him a question about that particular episode. And I think Gorbachev responded very 

well that it‘s good that the times when things like that happened are over, were over, should be 

over. So that I think is a very proper response to—at this—at this time to what happened then. 

Q — Of all the things you‘ve seen, all the events you‘ve attended and translated, what are the 

ones that mean the most to you when you look back on them?  

A — Well, I would say a couple of things. I would say the signing of the INF treaty because this 

is, even today, the only arms control treaty, the only arms reduction treaty that has been fully 

implemented, that has resulted in actual reduction of nuclear weapons. And I think that the 

signing of that treaty was really a very important watershed. It happened 10 years ago in 

December of 1987. And I do believe that it was an extremely important watershed event, 

probably underrated by historians. 

Q — Where was it signed? 

A — It was signed at the White House here on December 9th, I guess, of—of that year. 

Q — And you were there? 

A — I was there. Right. 

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Q — And you remember ho... 

A — It was a great day for me, yes, because I was—I was interpreter for the Soviet delegation 

during the first inconclusive INF talks in 1981, 1982. And that was—and ‗83. And that was a 

very frustrating experience. And the fact that after all this frustration, a reasonable agreement 

was signed, was—the treaty was concluded, the treaty was ratified, the treaty is now being 

implemented. I think that‘s—that‘s a great accomplishment. 

I think also, you know, of the days that I remember—of course, I remember December the 25th 

of 1991 because that was Gorbachev‘s last day in office. That was the day when he talked on the 

phone with President Bush. So that, too, is very memorable. That conversation—it‘s almost 

etched in my mind. I still remember practically all that—that they said.