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104

Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark. Black Masters. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984. Pp. 23, 132, 135-36, 141, 308; Kenneth Stampp. The Peculiar Institution. New York: Vintage, 1956. P. 194; Abram Harris.The Negro as Capitalist. New York: Arno Press, 1936. P. 4; John Sibley Butler. Entrepreneurship and Self-Help Among Black Americans.Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991. P. 43; Larry Koger. Black Slaveowners. Charleston: University of South Carolina Press, 1985; H. E. Sterkx. The Free Negro in Antebellum Louisiana. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1972).

105

Basil Davidson. The African Slave Trade. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969. P. 255; L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan. Africa South of the Sahara. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1981. P. 4.

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Cited in Roy P. Basler, ed. Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings. Cleveland: World Publishing, 1946. P. 427.

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Allen Guelzo. Lincoln and Douglas. New York: Simon&Schuster, 2009. P. 32, 82, 266–267.

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Thomas Jefferson. Notes on the State of Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982. P. 163.

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Abraham Lincoln. Speech on the Dred Scott Decision. Springfield, Illinois, June 26, 1857, in Mario Cuomo and Harold Holzer, eds., Lincoln on Democracy. New York: Harper Collins, 1990. P. 90–91.

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Frederick Douglass. Address for the Promotion of Colored Enlistments. 1863. July 6.

111

Frederick Douglass. “What the Black Man Wants,” speech to the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Boston, 1865. April, http://lib.rochester.edu.

112

Zora Neale Hurston. Dust Tracks on a Road. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. Pp. 206-8; Zora Neale Hurston. “How It Feels to Be Colored Me,” in Henry Louis Gates, ed., Bearing Witness. New York: Pantheon, 1991. P. 16.

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Martin Luther King, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” August 28, 1863, http://ushistory.org.

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Joel Williamson. The Crucible of Race. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. P. 254.

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Jennifer Roback. The Political Economy of Segregation. Journal of Economic History. 1986. 46. P. 893–917.

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Thomas Sowell. Markets and Minorities. New York: Basic Books, 1981. P. 61.

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See, e. g., “The Rise of Intermarriage,” Pew Research, February 16, 2012, http://pewsocialtrends.org.

118

Orlando Patterson. Race, Gender and Liberal Fallacies. New York Times. 1991. October 20.

119

Philip S. Foner, ed. W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Addresses 1890–1919. New York: Pathfinder Books, 1970. P. 4.

120

Booker T. Washington. Up From Slavery. New York: Penguin Books, 1986. P. 41, 208, 229; Booker T. Washington. The Awaken of the Negro.The Atlantic Monthly. 1896. September.

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Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. The Negro in the South. New York: George W. Jacobs, 1907. P. 181–82; E. Davidson Washington, ed. Selected Speeches of Booker T. Washington. New York: Doubleday, 1932. P. 237.