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N. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence (New York: BasicBooks, 1976), 147.

Smith and Alexander, Fumbling the Future.

Meyer and Rowan, «Institutional Organizations».

Smith and Alexander, Fumbling the Future, 190.

Byron, Th e Fanciest Dive, 274–275.

Ibid., 277.

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Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 50.

John M. Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 67.

Ibid., 99.

David Halberstam, Th e Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 105.

Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power, 78.

Ibid., 81. 7. Ibid., 82.

Ibid., 83.

Ibid.

Philip Selznick, TV A and the Grass Roots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949).

Seymour M. Hersh, Th e Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 29.

Henry Kissinger, Th e White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 42.

Hersh, Th e Price of Power, 35.

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Richard M. Nixon, Leaders (New York: Warner Books, 1982), 4.

Jeff rey Pfeff er, Power in Organizations (Marshfi eld, MA: Pitman Publishing, 1981).

Murray Edelman, Th e Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 39.

Ibid., 124.

David Halberstam, Th e Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 217.

Edelman, Th e Symbolic Uses of Politics, 12.

Herbert Stein, «Confessions of a Tax Addict», Th e Wall Street Journal (October 2, 1989): A14.

Ibid.

C.W. Morris, Signs, Language and Behavior (New York: Prentice-Hal], 1949), 214.

Mernam-Webster, Inc., Webster’s Th ird New International Dictionary (Springfi eld, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1981), 2619–2620.

Karl E. Weick, «Cognitive Processes in Organizations», Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. Barry M. Staw, vol. 1 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1979), 42.

Th omas J. Peters, «Symbols, Patterns, and Settings: An Optimistic Case for Getting Th ings Done», Organizational Dynamics 7 (1978): 10.

Nixon, Leaders, 4.

Louis R. Pondy, «Leadership Is a Language Game», Leadership: Where Else Can We Go? eds. Morgan W. McCall, Jr., and Michael M. Lombardo (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1978), 94–95.

Christopher Byron, Th e Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986), 63.

Ibid., 64–65.

Frank Rose, West of Eden: Th e End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 124–130.

Ibid., 130.

Ibid., 131.

Robert A. Caro, Th e Path to Power: Th e Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 235.

Ibid., 236.

Edelman, Th e Symbolic Uses of Politics, 123.

Ibid., 78.

Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: Th e Rise and Fall of EF. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 191.

Ibid., 194.

J. Patrick Wright, On A Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse Point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979), 39.

Ibid., 44.

MarcR. Reinganum, «Th e Eff ect of Executive Succession on Shareholder Wealth», Administrative Science Quarterly 30 (1985); 46–60; Stewart D. Friedman and Harbir Singh, «CEO Succession and Stockholder: Th e Infl uence of Organizational Context and Event Content», Academy of Management Journal 32 (1989): 718–744.