93
Araf Lufti al-Sayyid Marsot, «The Ulema of Cairo in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,» in Nikki R. Keddie (ed.), Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), 154.
94
Marsot, «The Role of the Ulema During the Early Nineteenth Century,» 267–269.
95
Ibid., 270; Daniel Crecelius, «Nonideological Responses of the Egyptian Ulema to Modernization,» in Keddie (ed.), Scholars, Saints and Sufis, 172.
96
Crecelius, «Nonideological Responses,» 167–172.
97
Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, III, 126–141, 158–159.
98
Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 41–44.
99
Voll, «Renewal and Reform in Islamic History,» 37, 39–42; Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, III, 160–161; Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 37–38.
100
R. S. O'Fahey, «Pietism, Fundamentalism and Mysticism: An Alternative View of the 18th and 19th Century Islamic World»; lecture delivered on November 12, 1997, at Northwestern University.
101
Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1985), 27–33.
102
Magel Baktash, «Taziyeh and Its Philosophy,» in Peter J. Chelkowski (ed.), Tacziyeh, Ritual and Drama in Iran (New York, 1979), 98–102; Michael J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1980), 19–20; Hamid Algar, «The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth Century Iran,» in Keddie (ed.) Scholars, Saints and Sufis, 233.
103
Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam, 35–38; 46–47.
104
Ibid., 37, 69–70, 145–58; Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina, Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shiism (Albany, 1981), 14–39.
105
Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam, 43–45.
106
Ibn Babuya, «Kamal ad-Din,» in Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam, 164, 161–90; Sachedina, Islamic Messianism, 24–30, 78–112, 150–183.
107
Fischer, Iran, 25–26.
108
Sachedina, Islamic Messianism, 151–159.
109
Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretative History of Modern Iran (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981), 10; Sachedina, Islamic Messianism, 30.
110
Juan R. Cole, «Imami Jurisprudence and the Role of the Ulema: Mortaza Ansari on Emulating the Supreme Exemplar,» in Keddie (ed.) Scholars, Saints and Sufis, 36–37; Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, II, 323–324, 472–476.
111
Sachedina, Islamic Messianism, 110–112.
112
Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, III, 22–23, 30–33.
113
Двунадесятников следует отличать от исмаилитов, которые признают только семь первых имамов.
114
Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam, 101–109.
115
Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, III, 23.
116
Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam, 110–113.
117
Martin Riesebrodt, Pious Passions: The Emergence of Modern Fundamentalism in the United States and Iran (trans. Don Reneau; Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1993), 102–103. На рус. языке в реферативном изложении см.: Васильев А. В. Ризеброт. Набожные страсти. Возникновение современного фундаментализма в Соединенных Штатах и в Иране // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Серия 5: История. Реферативный журнал. ИНИОН РАН. 1996. № 4. С. 231–232.
