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James Bessen, “Employers Aren’t Just Whining — The ‘Skills Gap’ Is Real,” Harvard Business Review, August 25, 2014, ; Stephen Moore, “Why Is It So Hard for Employers to Fill These Jobs?” CNSNews.com, August 25, 2014, .

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Jeffrey J. Selingo, “Why Are So Many College Students Failing to Gain Job Skills Before Graduation?” Washington Post, January 26, 2015, ; Eduardo Porter, “Stubborn Skills Gap in America’s Work Force,” New York Times, October 8, 2013, ; and Catherine Rampell, “An Odd Shift in an Unemployment Curve,” New York Times, May 7, 2013, .

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Michelle Jamrisko and Ilan Kolet, “College Costs Surge 500 % in U.S. Since 1985: Chart of the Day,” Bloomberg Business, August 26, 2013, .

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Jamrisko and Kolet, “College Costs Surge 500 % in U.S. Since 1985.”

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“Making College Cost Less,” The Economist, April 5, 2014, ; “Understanding the Rising Costs of Higher Education,” Best Value Schools, .

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Raymond E. Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).

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Judy Muir, interviewed by Todd Rose, October 28, 2014. For more information about Muir’s approach to college admissions, see Judith Muir and Katrin Lau, Finding Your U: Navigating the College Admissions Process (Houston: Bright Sky Press, 2015).

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Muir, interview, 2014.

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Bill Fitzsimmons, interviewed by Todd Rose, August 4, 2014.

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Elena Silva, “The Carnegie Unit — Revisited,” Carnegie Foundation, May 28, 2013, .

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Более подробную критику дипломной системы см. в работе Charles A. Murray, “Reforms for the New Upper Class,” New York Times, March 7, 2012, .

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“Micro-Credentialing,” Educause, ; and Laura Vanderkam, “Micro-credentials,” Laura Vanderkam, December 12, 2012, .

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Gabriel Kahn, “The iTunes of Higher Education,” Slate, September 19, 2013, ; ; Nick Anderson, “Online College Courses to Grant Credentials, for a Fee,” Washington Post, January 9, 2013, ; Nick Anderson, “MOOCS — Here Come the Credentials,” Washington Post, January 9, 2013, .