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Gabriel Kahn, “The iTunes of Higher Education,” Slate, September 19, 2013,;; Nick Anderson, “Online College Courses to Grant Credentials, for a Fee,” Washington Post, January 9, 2013,; Nick Anderson, “MOOCS — Here Come the Credentials,” Washington Post, January 9, 2013,.

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Maurice A. Jones, “Credentials, Not Diplomas, Are What Count for Many Job Openings,” New York Times, March 19, 2015,; for more on national credential initiative, see “President Obama and Skills for America’s Future Partners Announce Initiatives Critical to Improving Manufacturing Workforce,” The White House, June 8, 2011,.

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Jones, “Credentials, Not Diplomas.”

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Thomas R. Guskey, “Five Obstacles to Grading Reform,” Educational Leadership 69, no. 3 (2011): 16–21.

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Western Governors University,.

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“Competency-Based Approach,” Western Governors University,; John Gravois, “The College For-Profits Should Fear,” Washington Monthly, September/October 2011,; “WGU Named ‘Best Value School’ by University Research & Review for Second Consecutive Year,” PR Newswire, April 9, 2015,; Tara Garcia Mathewson, “Western Governors University Takes Hold in Online Ed,” Education DIVE, March 31, 2015,.

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George Lorenzo, “Western Governors University: How Competency-Based Distance Education Has Come of Age,” Educational Pathways 6, no. 7 (2007): 1–4,; Matt Krupnick, “As a Whole New Kind of College Emerges, Critics Fret Over Standards,” Hechinger Report, February 24, 2015,.